Development of Sorghum Genotypes for Improved Yield and Resistance to Grain Mold Using Population Breeding Approach

The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and chemical quality of the grain, which causes a reduction in grain size, blackening, and making them unfit for human consumption. Therefore, the breeding for grain mold resistance has become a necessity. Pedigree breeding has been widely used across the globe to tackle the problem of grain mold. In the present study, a population breeding approach was employed to develop genotypes resistant to grain mold. The complex genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) make the task of identifying stable grain mold-resistant lines with good grain yield (GY) challenging. In this study, the performance of the 33 population breeding derivatives selected from the four-location evaluation of 150 genotypes in 2017 was in turn evaluated over four locations during the rainy season of 2018. The Genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to analyze a significant GEI observed for GY, grain mold resistance, and all other associated traits. For GY, the location explained a higher proportion of variation (51.7%) while genotype (G) × location (L) contributed to 21.9% and the genotype contributed to 11.2% of the total variation. For grain mold resistance, G × L contributed to a higher proportion of variation (30.7%). A graphical biplot approach helped in identifying promising genotypes for GY and grain mold resistance. Among the test locations, Dharwad was an ideal location for both GY and grain mold resistance. The test locations were partitioned into three clusters for GY and two clusters for grain mold resistance through a “which-won-where” study. Best genotypes in each of these clusters were selected. The breeding for a specific cluster is suggested. Genotype-bytrait biplots indicated that GY is influenced by flowering time, 100-grain weight (HGW), and plant height (PH), whereas grain mold resistance is influenced by glume coverage and PH. Because GY and grain mold score were independent of each other, there is a scope to improve both yield and resistance together

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Not AvailableIn order to know the variation in seed quality among the varieties and hybrids (public, private sector) of sorghum collected from different market outlets. A total of 52 lots (38 cultivars) were evaluated for seed germination and seedling vigour. The values ranged significantly from 1.67 g (KDSH 302) to 4.60 g (MRS a6 9) for hundred seed weight;55% (CSH 16) to 97% (CSH 14) for seed germination; 9.2 cm (CSH 1.6) to 16.93cm (JKSH 434) for root length; 11.15 cm (MSH 51) to 20.95cm (Sudhama 333) for shoot length; 10.21 mg (KDSH 302) to 28.22mg (MRS 4649) for seedling dry weight and 728 (KDSH 302) to 2196 (JKSH 22) for seedling vigour index traits. Whereas, CSH 16, JKSH 474, NSH 36, KDSH 302, CSH 9, NSH 18, MDSH 262 ,VIH 540, MSH 51 and'Local farm market (Udaipur)' showed low values of germination ranging from 55 to75% (lesser than minimum seed certification standard) which is alarming and needs attention for searching the causes and solutions. The differences for these seed quality traits within the cultivar were also observed due to different market sources as found in 11 cultivars. Farmers become aware of vigour differences when the germination test fails as measure of quality for expensive seeds. The study highlights the importance of seed vigour and suggests the supply of standard quality seed by seed industry which is essential to realize the performance of cultivars on farmer field. Variation in seed quality of sorghum cultivars available in market.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableFusarium grain mould disease (FGMD) is a part of the grain mould disease complex and is caused by Fusarium species which are capable of infecting spikelet tissues at anthesis or immature grain up to physiological maturity. The disease causes severe losses in quality, viability and germination of sorghum seed. To determine the effect of FGMD associated characters (panicle grain mould score (PGS), seed rot, amount of Fusarium, and non-Fusarium infected seed and seed weight) on seed germination and to find the inter-relationship among these characters, replicated field trials were conducted with 36 sorghum recombinant inbred lines (RILs) during 2009 and 2010 at Hyderabad, India. PGS showed a strong positive relationship with seed rot and seedborne Fusarium (P < 0.01). Seed rot showed a significant positive relationship with seedborne Fusarium and a negative relationship with seed weight and germination (P < 0.01). Frequency of seedborne Fusarium on mould-infected sorghum seed had a strong negative correlation with that of non-Fusarium infection (P < 0.01), suggesting interactions between them in causation of grain mould in sorghum. Path coefficient analysis for seed germination revealed that seed rot (−0.43) and PGS (−0.28) had a maximum direct effect, accompanied with less interference by other factors, on seed germination. Seed rot has emerged as the most important parameter for determining seed germination in moulded sorghum grains. Few promising RILs that produced minimum premature seed rot were identified. The RIL numbers 144, 156 and 159 were superior to controls for many FGMD associated characters and could be useful sources for improvement of FGMD resistance.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn order to know the variation in seed quality among the varieties and hybrids (public, private sector) of sorghum collected at different market outlets, a total of 52 entries (38 cultivars) were evaluated for seed germination and seedling vigour. The values ranged significantly from 1.67g (KDSH 302) to 4.60g (MRS 4649) for hundred seed weight, 55% (CSH 16) to 97% (CSH 14) for seed germination, 9.2cm (CSH 16) to 16.93cm (JKSH 434) for root length, 11.15cm (MSH 51) to 20.95cm (Sudhama 333) for shoot length, 10.21mg (KDSH 302) to 28.22mg (MRS 4649) for seedling dry weight and 728 (KDSH 302) to 2196 (JKSH 22) for seedling vigour index traits. Whereas, CSH 16, JKSH 474, NSH 36, KDSH 302, CSH 9, NSH 18, MDSH 262, VJH 540, MSH 51and ‘Local farm market (Udaipur)’ showed low values of germination ranging from 55 to 75% (lesser than minimum seed certification standard) which is the alarming status of seed quality and needs attention for searching the causes and solutions. The differences for these seed quality traits within the cultivar were also observed due to different market sources as found with 11 cultivars. Farmers become aware of vigour differences when the germination test fails as measure of quality for expensive seeds. The study highlights the importance of seed vigour and suggests the supply of standard quality seed by seed industry which is essential to realize the performance of cultivars on farmer field.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIdentification of superior parental lines and their hybrid combinations for seed quality traits pave the way for enhancement of crop stand and yield per se. A line × tester analysis was carried out using GGE biplot to identify best combiners for seed quality and storability in 6 A and 9 R grain sorghum lines. ANOVA showed significant effects of lines, testers and their interactions for all the traits. L2 (296A) proved to be a poor combiner for all the traits both in fresh (FS) and aged seeds (AS), while L1 (2219A) was the best combiner for germination (G) and field emergence (FE) in FS, and L6 (IMS 9A) for seedling vigour index (SVI) of FS. ‘Which-won-where’ analysis proved that L1 (2219A) gave the best or near the best cross combination with all testers for G-FS, G-AS, FE-FS and FE-AS. L6 (IMS 9A) combined well with majority of testers for SVI-FS and SVI-AS. It was observed that the SCA effect of lines which come out in ‘mean-versus-stability’ analysis may not necessarily identify lines with SCA in favorable direction. Polygon view gives a better visualization of the heterotic pattern. T6 (C43) proved to be the best tester for G-FS and G-AS, and was near ideal tester for all other traits except for SVI-FS. For SVI-AS, T1 (CS 3541) proved to be better than T6 (C 43). Among all testers T3 (RS 29) was relatively less informative for being non-discriminatory or non-representative in most of the cases.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableForty seven sweet sorghum genotypes were evaluated for resistance to stem borer during kharif 2007 - 2009. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed considering five parameters viz., dead-hearts, stem, peduncle tunneling, exit holes/stalk, number of larvae/ stalk. Two principal components (PCs) were extracted explaining a cumulative variation of 71.5 %. PC1 explained 47.7 % of the variation while PC2 explained 23.7 % of variation. PC1 had the loadings for dead-hearts (0.85), stem tunneling (0.73), exit holes/ stalk (0.87) whereas peduncle tunneling (0.82) and larvae/ stalk (0.81) were loaded in PC2 . PCA brought out three characters/variables viz. dead-hearts, stem tunneling and exit holes/ stalk, as most important in explaining variability thus, aiding in deciding reaction to pest. Eleven genotypes viz., E 27, IS 18162, IS 18164, E 38, ICSV 700, ICSV 93046, NSSV 6, GGUB 50, IS 5353, KARS 95 and RSSV 9 were found resistant to stem borer, Chilo partellusNot Availabl

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Not AvailableIdentification of superior parental lines and their hybrid combinations for seed quality traits pave the way for enhancement of crop stand and yield per se. A line × tester analysis was carried out using GGE biplot to identify best combiners for seed quality and storability in 6 A and 9 R grain sorghum lines. ANOVA showed significant effects of lines, testers and their interactions for all the traits. L2 (296A) proved to be a poor combiner for all the traits both in fresh (FS) and aged seeds (AS), while L1 (2219A) was the best combiner for germination (G) and field emergence (FE) in FS, and L6 (IMS 9A) for seedling vigour index (SVI) of FS. ‘Which-won-where’ analysis proved that L1 (2219A) gave the best or near the best cross combination with all testers for G-FS, G-AS, FE-FS and FE-AS. L6 (IMS 9A) combined well with majority of testers for SVI-FS and SVI-AS. It was observed that the SCA effect of lines which come out in ‘mean-versus-stability’ analysis may not necessarily identify lines with SCA in favorable direction. Polygon view gives a better visualization of the heterotic pattern. T6 (C43) proved to be the best tester for G-FS and G-AS, and was near ideal tester for all other traits except for SVI-FS. For SVI-AS, T1 (CS 3541) proved to be better than T6 (C 43). Among all testers T3 (RS 29) was relatively less informative for being non-discriminatory or non-representative in most of the cases.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTwelve sweet sorghum genotypes were evaluated for seed germination and vigour traits under accelerated ageing and natural storage conditions to examine the genetic variation, heritability and correlation. Loss in seed germination, field emergence and seedling vigour were more due to accelerated ageing than natural storage. Seedling vigour showed moderate values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, high values of heritability (h2-bs) and moderate to high values of genetic advance over mean of fresh, aged and stored seeds. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations explained the extent of association among the seed physiological traits.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMilk stage kernel infection frequency has substantial effects on mold development in mature sorghum grain. Field experiments were conducted with 16 sorghum genotypes at four grain mold prone locations (Akola, Hyderabad, Dharwad and Surat) in India during kharif 2014 and 2015. The genotypes included grain mold susceptible, resistant, improved germplasm, breeding lines and released cultivars. The objective was to quantify natural infection frequency of fungi in milk stage kernel and study the response of various sorghum genotypes against this infection. Results revealed that Fusarium (16.1%) and Curvularia spp. (7.9%) were predominant fungal genera at the milk stage kernel at all the locations under study. Few other fungi namely Alternaria, Bipolaris, Aspergillus, and Penicillium spp. were detected sporadically in low frequency (~0.95%). There was significant negative association between infection frequency of Fusarium and Curvularia especially when intensity of infection was moderate to high (>25%). The genotypes B58586, GMR156-1, GMR166-1, SGMRN12-3-1 and IS25070 were found promising with low intensity (average total infection<10%) of infection across environments. The information can be useful for resistant breeding program against specific fungal component of grain mold.Not Availabl